... released is no less than the surface energy, then the crack grows. The same conclusion may be drawn concer- ning microcracks distributed through the volume of the body. Their localization - the formation of the main crack - may take place after a long period of damage accumulation or immediately after...

... of this simplification. It should be noted that the three-dimensional nature of the actual stress state would affect the damage evolution. At a certain time ter , the continuum microcrack. damage is initiated in the bar. After the damage increases over a specified amount, the clearing phenomena may occur in the ice...