... be used to compute stresses and displacements at locations in the immediate roof or floor of an excavation, or further into the rock mass. The method can be applied to complicated excavation geometries in the plane of the seam, which may be inclined at any angle to the primitive stress directions...

... are given in terms of the vertical primitive stress. The graph shown in Fig. I illustrates the condition when the coal margins are regarded as being perfectly rigid, whereas Fig. 2 illustrates the condition when a degree of crushing of the coal edge is allowed, the deformation curve for the coal-rock...

.... Upstream Oil & Gas ground surface convergence metals & mining infinitely wide panel seam level primitive stress Reservoir Characterization relation Thickness Berry complete region displacement discontinuity closure excavation equation theoretical elastic model total stress...