... transition Fluid Dynamics Reservoir Characterization clay model Upstream Oil & Gas viscoplastic deformation unconsolidated sand hydrostatic compression test unconsolidated reservoir sand volumetric strain rate critical state line strain rate end cap model constitutive law...

... that are qualitatively similar to those observed in many open pit mines. When an excavation step results in a diminishing rate of displacement, numerical stability is achieved that is also indicative of physical stability. Comparisons with elastic-plastic analysis are made and the question of whether viscoplasticity...